Biodiversity by Design

1. Design Principles

1.1 Ecological Function

Chapman, J.L. and M.J.Reiss (1992) Ecology – principles and applications, Cambridge University Press
English Nature et al, Delivering sustainable communities - a joint statement on the need for green infrastructure in the Milton Keynes and South Midlands, February 2004
Tudge,C (1991) Global ecology, Oxford University Press
UK Government (1994), Biodiversity - The UK action plan, HMSO
Wheater, P.C (1999) Urban habitats, Routledge Press
Wilson, E.O (editor) (1990) Biodiversity, National Academy Press, USA

1.2 Realising the Benefits

BRE (1990) Climate and site development – parts 1-3, Digest 350
CABE Space (2005) Does money grow on trees? http://www.cabespace.org.uk
The Countryside Agency (2005) The countryside in and around towns - a vision for connecting town and country in the pursuit of sustainable development, Countryside Agency Publications
DEFRA (2004) Life-support – incorporating biodiversity into community strategies, http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/ewd/lifesupport.pdf
Dunnett.N, Swanwick.C and Woolley.H, Improving urban parks, play areas and open spaces, Urban research report, DTLR, May 2002
English Nature (2004) Nature for people, Research Report 567
Girardet,H (1996) The Gaia atlas of cities, Gaia Books Limited
Hough,M (1995) Cities and natural process, Routledge
Johnston,J and Newton,J (1993) Building green, London Ecology Unit
Jorgensen, A (2001) Why is it important to encourage nature and wildlife near the home? http://www.making-places.info/overvecht/papers/natben.htm
Llewelyn-Davies (2000) Urban design compendium, English Partnerships and the Housing Corporation
National Urban Forestry Unit (1998) Trees matter! The benefits of trees & woods in towns
RSPB (2003) Greenspace and physical activity promotion
University of Washington (1998) Trees in business districts: positive effects on consumer behaviour, Centre for Urban Horticulture, Human dimensions of the urban forest, Fact Sheet 5, http://www.cfr.washington.edu/research.envmind/
Trees for cities (2003) http://www.treesforcities.org

1.3 Connecting with Nature

English Nature (2004) Nature for people, Research Report 567, p.123
Federation of City Farms and Community Gardens, http://www.farmgarden.org.uk/
Mile End Park, http://www.mileendpark.co.uk/
Wilson, E.O. (1992) The Diversity of Life, Penguin Books

2. Context Study

2.1 The Existing Green Infrastructure

Berlin Department of Urban Development (2004) Biotope Area Factor, http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/landschaftsplanung/bff/en/ziele.shtml European Academy of the Urban Environment (2001) Emscher Park International Building Exhibition, http://www.eaue.de/winuwd/137.htm
Gibson CWD (1998) Barnfield: red data. The values artificial habitats have for uncommon invertebrates. English Nature Research Report No 273
Mayor of London (2002) Connecting with London’s nature, Greater London Authority
ODPM (2000) Planning and Policy Guidance (PPG) 3: Housing
UK Government (1994), Biodiversity - The UK action plan, HMSO

2.2 Landscape Character

Countryside Agency (2004) Countryside Character,
http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LivingLandscapes/countryside_character/index.asp
Countryside Agency (2004) Living landscapes – countryside character initiative, http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LivingLandscapes/countryside_character/east_midlands

2.3 Local Distinctiveness

Countryside Council for Wales, http://www.ccw.gov.uk/generalinfo/
English Nature (2004) Natural area profiles, http://www.english-nature.org.uk/science/natural/role.htm
Flora Locale, http://www.floralocale.org/
Huggett,R.J (1998) Fundamentals of biogeography, Routledge
Johnston,J and Newton,J (1993) Building green, London Ecology Unit
Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2002) Local Biodiversity Action Plans, UK Biodiversity Action Plan, http://www.ukbap.org.uk
Joint Nature Conservancy Council (2000) Guidance on the interpretation of the broad habitat classification, http://www.jncc.gov.uk/communications/Report307/Contents.htm
Rodwell, J. S., ed. (1991) British Plant Communities, Cambridge Press
Scottish Nature Heritage, http://www.snh.org.uk/
Wheater, P.C (1999) Urban habitats, Routledge Press

2.4 Protected Habitats and Species

Oxford,M (2000) Developing naturally, ALGE see also habitat and species specific guidance documents available from English Nature - http://www.english-nature.org.uk/
Landmark Consultants (2003) Portishead Quays Wildlife Reserve - Design and Implementation

3. Masterplanning

3.1 Creating New Green Infrastructure

English Nature (2003) Accessible natural greenspace – Standards in towns and cities,
Report No. 526
English Nature et al, Delivering sustainable communities – a joint statement on the need for green infrastructure in Milton Keynes and South Midlands, February 2004
Hough,M (1995) Cities and natural process, Routledge and Safe City Committee of Toronto (1992) A working guide for planning and designing safer urban environments, Toronto: Safe City Committee and the Planning and Development Committee
Llewelyn Davies and Greater London Authority (2001) Guidance on producing open space strategies and Llewelyn-Davies (2000) Urban design compendium, English Partnerships and the Housing Corporation

3.2 Regional Parks, Green Grids and Community Forests
Forest of Marston Vale, http://www.marstonvale.org/
National Community Forest Partnership, http://www.communityforest.org.uk/

3.3 Parks and Natural Greenspaces

Bekkers,G (2003) Jac.P.Thijsse Park – designed Dutch landscape, Architectura and Natura
Dunnett.N, Swanwick.C and Woolley.H. Improving urban parks, play areas and open spaces, Urban research report, DTLR, May 2002
English Nature, Local Nature Reserves, http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/lnr/lnr_search.asp
Kendle,T (1997) Urban nature conservation: landscape management in the urban countryside, E&FN Spon

3.4 Greenway Linkages

Brighton New England Quarter, http://www.new-england-quarter.co.uk/
Building for life, National Conference, http://www.buildingforlife.org/resources.html#1, July 2002
CIRIA, SUDS - Promoting good practice, http://www.ciria.org/suds/
Dreiseitl.H, Grau,D and Ludwig,K (2001) Waterscapes – planning, building and designing with water, Birkhauser
Environment Agency, http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/suds
Smith,D and Cawood-Hellmund,P (1993) The ecology of greenways, University of Minnesota Press
Tregay,R and Gustavsson,R (1983) Oakwood’s new landscape – designing for nature in the residential environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Science and the Warrington and Runcorn Development Corporation

3.5 Street Trees

Johnston,J and Newton,J (1993) Building green, London Ecology Unit
Wheater, P.C (1999) Urban habitats, Routledge Press

4. Detailed Design

4.1 Communal ‘Doorstep’ Spaces
Beer, A (2001) Greenspace management in Denmark and Sweden, http://www.map21ltd.com/scan-green/bo01.htm
Johnston,J and Newton,J (1993) Building green, London Ecology Unit
ODPM (2000) Our towns and cities: the future
Wheater, P.C (1999) Urban habitats, Routledge Press

4.2 Green Buildings and Private Spaces
Birch, A. Rubble ahead, Building Design Magazine, 29th November 2002, p.15
Hulme Community Garden Centre, http://www.hulmegardencentre.org.uk
Johnston,J and Newton,J (1993) Building green, London Ecology Unit
London Biodiversity Partnership, Private gardens habitat statement, http://www.lbp.org.uk/02audit_pages/aus18_private.html
Urban Design Associates (2003) Patterns for placemaking, http://www.arvida.com/watercolor

5. Managment

5.1 Management and Stewardship

The Biological Records Centre, http://www.brca.ac.uk
Cambourne Wildlife Trust, http://www.cambourne-uk.com
Cambourne Residents, http://www.cambourne.net
Caterham Barracks Trust, http://www.caterhambarracks.org.uk
CABE Space (2004), A guide to producing park and green space management plans, http://www.cabespace.org.uk/
CABE Space (2004), Green space strategies, a good practice guide, http://www.cabespace.org.uk/
Milton Keynes Park Trust, http://www.mkparks.co.uk
RSPB (2002) Natural communities, http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/Natural%20Communities%20leaflet_tcm5-45233.pdf12)
The Wildlife Trusts, http://www.wildlifetrusts.org.uk
The Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire & Peterborough,
http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/bcnp; and http://www.cambourne.net/news/articles/wildlife.html